In this basic Greek for beginners article, you can find everything you need to know about the Greek alphabet. I have also included 20 Greek words that you will find useful.
The Greek alphabet: It’s all Greek to me!
This is what most people say when they try to read the Greek alphabet for the first time. But don’t worry – it’s not as bad as it looks!
To begin with, many of the Greek letters look similar to the letters of the Latin alphabet. Plus, if you remember your Math and Science classes, you may recognize some other Greek symbols, like pi p (π) or tau t (τ).
Read on to find out more about the Greek alphabet, its origins, the Greek writing system, and a few basic Greek words!
The Greek alphabet
Let’s dive straight in!
The Greek alphabet has 24 letters, of which 17 are consonants and 7 are vowels (marked in red below). Here they are:
Α / α > “a” as in “apple”
Β / β > “v” as in “various”
Γ / γ > “y” as in “yes” (it’s also close to the French “r”)
Δ / δ > “th” as in “the”
Ε / ε > “e” as in “pen”
Ζ / ζ > “z” as in “zip”
Η / η > “e” as in “me”
Θ / θ > “th” as in “theory”
Ι / ι > “e” as in “me”
Κ / κ > “k” as in “key”
Λ / λ > “l” as in “love”
Μ / μ > “m” as in “mother”
Ν / ν > “n” as in “nephew”
Ξ / ξ > “x” as in “fox”
Ο / ο > “o” as in “orange”
Π / π > “p” as in “people”
Ρ / ρ > rolling “r” as in “rrright”
Σ / σ / ς > “s” as in “seat” – notice that there’s a different form of the letter “σ” when it’s at the end of a word, which is similar to “s” in the Latin alphabet: “ς”
Τ / τ > “t” as in “ten”
Υ / υ > “e” as in “me”
Φ / φ > “f” as in “father”
Χ / χ > “ch, h” almost as in “hit” (a bit harsher)
Ψ / ψ > “ps”, almost like in “absent”
Ω / ω > “o” as in “orange”
How to read Greek
Given that the Greek alphabet was an ancestor of all European alphabets, learning to read it is not as difficult as you might think at first glance.
As you’ve seen above, most of the Greek uppercase letters also exist in the English / French alphabet. So, you are already familiar with the letters A, B, E, Z, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, Y and X.
Some Greek letters do not exist in any other language. However, you may recognize some of them from your Sciences classes – for example the letter sigma (Σ), pi (π), tau (τ), or delta (Δ).
This is not to say that letters that look the same in both alphabets are always pronounced the same. So, for example, the Greek character “B” is pronounced like the letter “V” in English, and the Greek “P” is the equivalent of the English “R” .
This is probably the main source of confusion among visitors trying to learn a few words in modern Greek.
Memorizing the alphabet: The Greek ABC
Memorizing the way Greeks read out the alphabet won’t necessarily serve any purpose if all you want is to be able to read a couple of road signs when you visit Greece. However, most people will learn parts of it sooner or later.
Here is your A, B, C in Greek:
Alpha, veeta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeeta, eeta, theeta, yiota, kappa, lamda, mee, nee, xee, omikron, pee, roh, sigma, taf, ipsilon, fee, hee, psee, omega.
If you want to listen to it instead, here’s a short video with the Greek alphabet.
Letter combinations in Greek
Apart from the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet, there are also a few letter combinations.
There are vowel combinations, marked in red in the table below, and consonant combinations, marked in black.
The Greek alphabet doesn’t have any characters for the sounds “b”, “d”, “g”, “j” and “ch”. Instead, Greeks use the consonant combinations above.
Reading Greek is easy… Honest!
Once you’ve learnt how to read and pronounce each individual letter and letter combination in the Greek alphabet, you can more or less read and pronounce ANY Greek word!
This is because, in terms of pronunciation, Greek is very straightforward when compared to English, French or other languages.
Here’s why: in English, the same letter can be pronounced in many different ways. Think of the letter “a” in “apple”, “ball”, “man” and “flakes” – it sounds very different!
You’ll be pleased to know that Greek letters always sound the same, no matter the word. Exceptions are the letters Γ and Χ, and letters within a letter combination.
For example, the Greek letter “α” sounds the same in all the following words – μαμά, αέρας, καλημέρα, παρακαλώ, αρχή. It always sounds like “a” in the word “apple”. Easy, eh!
Greek vowel sounds – Easier than most languages
While the Greek alphabet has 7 vowels, there are only five vowel sounds:
- Α / α > “ah” as in “apple”
- Ε / ε and ΑΙ / αι > “eh” as in “pen”
- Η / η, Ι / ι, Υ / υ, ΕΙ / ει and ΟΙ / οι > “ee” as in “me”
- Ο / ο and Ω / ω > “oh” as in “orange”
- ΟΥ / ου > “oo” as in book
As you see, some of the Greek vowels and vowel combinations are pronounced in exactly the same way.
If you only want to read Greek on a road sign or a taverna menu, this shouldn’t be a problem. You just need to familiarize yourself with each letter or combination, and remember its sound.
Knowing which one to use when you are writing something is a whole different story. Many people who decide to study Greek, and even some Greeks, are often uncertain about the correct spellings of words.
Do I need to learn Greek before I visit?
Most Greeks speak at least a few words in English, and often in another language or two. So you don’t really need to worry about learning Greek at all.
However, if you are planning a trip to Greece, why not try and learn a few Greek words before you travel. It’s a nice gesture, and your effort will definitely attract some smiles, and possibly even some treats!
With that said, there are plenty of everyday English words that come from Greek. So, you do speak some Greek, you just don’t know it!
20 useful Greek words for your vacation in Greece
And now, here are 20 words that you are likely to find useful during your holiday in Greece.
As you can see in the second column, there’s a little stress over certain vowels. This denotes the syllable that you need to stress in each word. The underlined letter in the third column indicates the syllable you need to stress.
When trying to read Greek, my advice is to not worry too much about the modern Greek pronunciation. The sounds in Greek will not necessarily correspond with the sounds in your language.
Two great examples are the words OXI, meaning no, and ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ, meaning thank you. The sound for the letter X doesn’t really exist in English – it’s something like a harsh “h”. As for the long Greek “thank you” word, it’s off-putting for most visitors – just do your best!
One great little phrase to learn is yiassou / yiassass. It can mean “hello”, but also “goodbye” in Greek, so it can be very useful.
If you want to learn more Greek words and phrases, check out the Lonely Planet Greek phrasebook.
More fun Greek words
If you were disappointed not to find the word “malakas” in this table, have a look at this other article with more Greek words and useful phrases.
Though I guarantee that by the end of your vacation in Greece, you will have heard it often enough to work it out 🙂 Same with “Yiamass”, which means Cheers in Greek.
And, here’s an article that a few readers asked for: Greek swear words! I took it a step further than “malaka” this time…
Is it difficult to learn to read Greek?
While learning to read Greek isn’t too hard, speaking the language properly is a whole different matter.
Here are some of the things that foreigners find difficult while learning Greek:
- There are three genders: masculine, feminine and neutral
- Nouns and adjectives have four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative
- Greek verbs are conjugated, and while there are solid conjugation rules, many verbs are irregular
- Some letters, especially Γ and Χ, and certain letter combinations, are difficult to pronounce
If your first language is French, Spanish or Italian, you will already be familiar with the concepts of gender, cases and conjugation. Native English speakers often find it hard to get their head around them, especially when first beginning to learn.
All I can say is, don’t get discouraged – and make sure you practice and hang out with Greeks as much as possible!
Where can I learn Greek?
Getting some basic knowledge of Greek is really easy. If you have some degree of self-discipline, you can try hundreds of free YouTube videos and apps, such as Duolingo.
You will listen to real Greek pronunciation, learn how to form complete sentences, build up your vocabulary, and take simple exercises.
Another idea is to take live classes with an online tutor. There are dozens of platforms where you can find someone to teach you one-to-one on Skype, Zoom or a similar channel. A well-known platform is Rosetta Stone.
If you live in Greece, you can look up modern Greek courses at the University of Athens. There is also a variety of Greek classes at private institutions and with one-to-one tutors.
A fun way to learn some Greek if you are visiting for a few days, is to take a Greek cooking class. Sure, you will only learn words relevant to food… and there’s nothing wrong with that!
Whatever course you decide to take, make sure you also have access to a good grammar book, written for foreigners, and maybe a dictionary. No, Google translate isn’t perfect yet – ChatGPT is much better.
Short history of the Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet was originally derived at around 1,000 BC from the Phoenician alphabet, which in turn descended from the North Semitic alphabet. If you want to learn a little more about the Semitic languages, have a look here.
The alphabet that Greeks use today took its present form thousands of years ago, during the late 5th century BC, and has never changed since. This means that modern-day Greeks can actually read the letters on ancient Greek inscriptions!
You might be surprised to know that all modern European alphabets are actually based on the Greek alphabet. Crazy, eh!
As for the Greek spoken language, it first appeared around the 14th century BCE, and it has the longest history of all Indo-European languages. With that said, ancient Greeks pronounced words very differently to modern Greeks.
Here’s a fun video where you can hear some cool ancient Greek words 🙂
FAQs about the Greek alphabet
Here is some more info about the Greek alphabet:
What are the 24 Greek letters?
Here are the 24 Greek capital letters: Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, Ζ, Η, Θ, Ι, Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν, Ξ, Ο, Π, Ρ, Σ, Τ, Υ, Φ, Χ, Ψ, and Ω.
How do I write my name in Greek?
It’s all about pronunciation! Read out your name, and try to break it up in sounds. As an example, my own name, Vanessa, is written Βανέσσα in Greek – though some people will write it as Βανέσα, skipping the second sigma.
Is it easy to learn Greek?
Greek is considered a fairly difficult language to master, especially for native English speakers. The best way to learn Greek is to move to Greece and hang out with Greeks!
Is modern Greek the same with ancient Greek?
Not at all! While the alphabet is the same, the language itself is very different. However, the etymology of many modern Greek words comes from ancient Greek. Words like democracy, philosophy, theatre, have existed for thousands of years.
Do I need to learn Greek before visiting Greece?
No, you don’t. Almost everyone in Greece, especially the people working in the tourism industry, speak at least some words of English, French or another language. However, everyone will appreciate your effort to speak even a few words of Greek.
More Greek culture guides
Hope this article was fun! Have a look these other Greece travel guides:
Hi! I am Vanessa, a blogger and travel writer from Athens in Greece. I hope you have found this introduction to Greek helpful. If there are any other Greek words you’d like to know, please leave a comment below! Follow me on my social media:
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Just what I needed! Thank you.
Very simple basics.
Hi. Your article is amazing! Can you please tell me how they write “unexamined life” in Greek alphabet. Thank you!
Hi! This wikipedia article will help 🙂
I now have a Greek girlfriend and a Greek family! And this is so helpful!
Thank you
Congratulations! Well, you can have a look at this cheeky article with Greek swear words 🙂
This is a great post! I’m learning Greek and this is really helpful.